Sea level rise and eelgrass (Zostera marina) production: A spatially explicit relative elevation model for Padilla Bay, WA

The dynamics that govern the elevation of a coastal wetland relative to sea level are complex, involving non-linear feedbacks among opposing processes. Changes in the balance between these processes can result in significant alterations to vegetation communities that are adapted to a specific range of water levels. Given that current sedimentation rates in Padilla Bay, Washington are likely less than historical levels and that eustatic sea level rise is accelerating, the extensive Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadows in the bay may be at risk of eventual submergence. We developed a spatially explicit relative elevation model and used it to project changes in the productivity and distribution of eelgrass in Padilla Bay over the next century. The model is mechanistic and incorporates many of the processes and feedbacks that govern coastal wetland elevation change. Accretion estimates made using ²¹⁰Pb dating of sediment cores, sediment characteristics measured within cores, and eelgrass productivity and decomposition data were used to initialize and calibrate the model. Validation was performed using an elevation change rate measured with a network of surface elevation tables. Both the field data and model simulations revealed a net accretion deficit for the bay. Simulations using current rates of sea level rise indicated an overall expansion of eelgrass within Padilla Bay over the next century as it migrates from the center of the bay shoreward.     

Integration of a fish bioenergetics model into a spatially explicit water quality model: Application to menhaden in Chesapeake Bay

Although fish are usually thought of as victims of water quality degradation, it has been proposed that some planktivorous species may improve water quality through consumption of algae and sequestering of nutrients via growth. Within most numerical water quality models, the highest trophic level modeled explicitly is zooplankton, prohibiting an investigation of the effect a fish species may be having on its environment. Conversely, numerical models of fish consumption do not typically include feedback mechanisms to capture the effects of fish on primary production and nutrient recycling. In the present study, a fish bioenergetics model is incorporated into CE-QUAL-ICM, a spatially explicit eutrophication model. In addition to fish consumption of algae, zooplankton, and detritus, fish biomass accumulation and nutrient recycling to the water column are explicitly accounted for. These developments advance prior modeling efforts of the impact of fish on water quality, many of which are based on integrated estimates over an entire system and which omit the feedback the fish have through nutrient recycling and excretion. To validate the developments, a pilot application was undertaken for Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay. The model indicates menhaden may reduce the algal biomass while simultaneously increasing primary productivity.     

福建泉州湾有机氯农药的多介质迁移与归趋

以α-HCH与p,p'-DDT为主要研究对象,以泉州湾及其重要汇水流域--晋江流域为研究区域,构建了Level Ⅲ多介质非平衡稳态逸度模型,对该区域α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在各环境相中浓度、容纳能力、储量分布及各相间的迁移通量进行了计算分析,并对模型关键输入参数的灵敏度进行了探讨.结果显示：α-HCH与p,p'-DDT在土壤相,水相以及沉积物相中的模拟计算浓度与野外样品实测平均浓度吻合度较高,验证了模型的有效性;当研究系统达到平衡时,环境各相对α-HCH与p,p'-DDT容纳能力由大到小分别为沉积物,土壤,水及空气; α-HCH在土壤与沉积物中的储量之和为总储量的97.42%, p,p'-DDT则为99.89%,是其主要的汇区;α-HCH与p,p'-DDT从研究区域迁移消逝的主要途径为水的平流输出,在环境相间迁移过程中,α-HCH的主要迁移途径为水体向大气的迁移,而p,p'-DDT的主要迁移途径为水体向沉积物的迁移;灵敏度分析指出辛醇-水分配系数对数值logK_ow是影响污染物在环境相中浓度分布的最主要因素.     

辽东湾表层沉积物重金属生态风险及预警

为对辽东湾表层沉积物重金属的潜在生态风险进行定量评价及预警分析,根据2012—2015年每年8月的调查数据,计算了6种重金属元素（cu、PB、ZN、CD、HG和AS）的IGEO（地累积指数）、rI（综合潜在生态危害指）和IGE（生态风险预警指数）．　结果表明:2012年和2013年辽东湾表层沉积物重金属元素的IGEO由大到小顺序为AS>CU>ZN>PB>CD>HG,2014年为AS>CU>ZN>PB>CD>;2012—2014年辽东湾表层沉积物重金属污染区域主要位于北部河流入海口海域、葫芦岛周边海域．　风险分级和预警评价结果显示,各重金属元素的ＥＲＩ（单项潜在生态危害指数）平均值均小于40,rI均小于150,处于低潜在生态风险状态;辽东湾所有采样点中,2012年有5.6%的采样点处于2级生态风险等级（O　eR≤1.0）,属生态风险预警级别,94.4%的采样点处在生态风险无警级别,2013—2014年所有采样点均处于生态风险无警级别．　对辽东湾生态环境具有潜在危害的元素是CD、aS和HG,辽东湾表层沉积物中AS、ZN、CD在部分采样点已达到生态风险预警级别,应加大对该海域的环境监测力度．      

春季和夏季辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布及来源

为研究辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其来源,于2013年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)在辽东湾设置38个采样点,采集表层沉积物样品,测定6种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As)的质量分数,并采用相关性、主成分及聚类分析对重金属来源进行研究. 结果表明:春季和夏季辽东湾表层沉积物中w(Cu)、w(Pb)、w(Zn)、w(Cd)、w(Hg)、w(As)平均值分别为28.77、26.62、108.89、0.50、0.03、12.09 mg/kg和26.05、24.22、71.93、0.22、0.05、11.03 mg/kg;单因子方差分析结果表明,w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(Cd)、w(Hg)在春季和夏季有显著差异,w(Pb)、w(As)无差异. 重金属高值区春季主要分布在辽东湾北部西侧小凌河口外至葫芦岛以南海域,夏季主要分布在北部河口及鲅鱼圈、金州湾附近,低值区均位于辽东湾中部海域. 春季辽东湾表层沉积物重金属的来源主要包括有机质络合、海上活动、工业排污入海与河流所携带的工业和生活污水,夏季来源主要包括海上活动、工业排污入海、河流携带的工业和生活污水以及地表径流. 所调查的38个采样点重金属在污染程度上可分为3类,其中Cu、Zn、Hg和As属轻度污染,Pb属中度污染,Cd为严重污染;整体空间分布特点为西部和北部近河口区域重金属质量分数偏高,中部远河口海域较低.      

深圳湾及邻近水域总溶解磷的来源和时空分布

依据2000~2012年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近沿岸水域中总溶解磷(TDP)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合现场盐度和溶解无机磷(DIP)实测数据探讨TDP的组成和来源以及DIP和溶解有机磷(DOP)之间的转化.结果表明,深圳湾和珠江口东南部沿岸TDP质量浓度分别为(0.26±0.22)和(0.05±0.02)mg/L.研究期间,珠江口东南部沿岸TDP质量浓度的年内和年际变化不大,趋势平稳.在深圳湾,由于受到周边陆源排放的影响,TDP质量浓度在丰水期较低,枯水期较高,且在2000~2004年呈上升趋势,从0.24mg/L上升至0.33mg/L, 而在2005~2012年则呈下降趋势,从0.33mg/L下降至0.16mg/L.研究海区中的TDP具有“保守性”,主要来自陆源排放.依二元混合质量平衡模式估算的珠江口东南部沿岸TDP的陆源质量分数约为53.9%,而深圳湾的均大于80%. TDP的赋存形态从河口的以DIP为主逐渐转变至近外海的以DOP为主,可能暗示磷从河口向海迁移期间,复杂的生物地球化学过程使DIP转化为DOP的速率大于DOP转化为DIP的速率.     

2000~2011年深圳湾及邻近水域颗粒有机物的来源和时空分布

依据2000~2011年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近水域中颗粒有机物(POM)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合盐度和叶绿素a (Chl a)实测数据探讨POM的来源和滞留时间.结果表明深圳湾的POM质量浓度和陆源质量分数分别约为4.2mg/L,79%,而伶仃洋东部沿岸的分别约为1.9mg/L,42%.深圳湾和伶仃洋东部沿岸中现存浮游植物颗粒有机物(PPOM):Chl a比率分别约为92,54g/g,由此估算的PPOM质量浓度分别为0.8,0.2mg/L左右.依据浮游植物生产力和累计海源POM估算的POM滞留时间在深圳湾中为1~5d,而在伶仃洋东部沿岸中约为10d.研究期间伶仃洋东部沿岸POM质量浓度的年际变化略呈上升趋势,从1.7mg/L上升至2.0mg/L;深圳湾POM质量浓度在2000~2005年呈上升趋势,从3.0mg/L上升至5.5mg/L,在2006~2011年则呈下降趋势,从5.4mg/L下降至3.0mg/L.     

多参数指示南极普里兹湾浮游植物的时空变化

以南极普里兹湾沉积物为研究对象,运用气相色谱技术,研究了生物标志物菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮对应指示的硅藻、甲藻、颗石藻等浮游植物的生产量和种群结构的历史变化,结合2001—2011年实测和遥感水体ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)及SST(海水表层温度)数据,探讨了该湾浮游植物生产量时空变化特征及其影响因素. 结果表明:过去100多年间南极普里兹湾浮游植物总生产量(212.04~759.10 ng/g)〔以w(菜子甾醇)+w(甲藻甾醇)+w(长链烯酮)计〕和w(硅藻)所占比例(62.28%~87.13%)〔以w(菜子甾醇)所占比例计〕均呈上升趋势,而w(甲藻)所占比例(10.09%~27.98%)〔以w(甲藻甾醇)所占比例计〕和w(颗石藻)所占比例(1.97%~9.74%)〔以w(长链烯酮)所占比例计〕则呈下降趋势. 全球变暖背景下浮游植物种群变动通过改变南大洋对CO₂的吸收进而影响全球碳循环. 水体ρ(Chla)与沉积生物标志物指示的浮游植物总生产量均具有湾内高、湾外低的空间分布特征. 湾内ρ(Chla)与SST的年际变化趋势相似,二者以2002—2003年和2009—2010年相对较高,SST分别为-0.30和0.01 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.69和2.31 mg/m3;以2001—2002年和2010—2011年相对较低,SST分别为-1.19和-0.95 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.08和0.79 mg/m3,表明该湾SST变化可较明显地影响浮游植物的生长.      

A model of 90Sr distribution in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in China

The impact on the environment ofradionuclide release from nuclear power plants has attracted increased attention, especially after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan. Based on the mechanisms of adsorption/desorption at solid/liquid interfaces and a surface micromorphology model of sediments, a theoretical expression of the distribution coefficient Kd is derived. This coefficient has significant effects on the distribution of radionuclide in seawater, suspended sediment and seabed sediment. Kd is then used to simulate ^90Sr transport in the sea near the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The simulation results are compared with field measurements of tidal level, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration and ^90Sr concentrations in the same period. Overall, the simulated results agree well with the field measured data. Thus, the derived expression for Ka is capable of interpreting realistic adsorption/desorption processes. What＇s more, conclusion is drawn that about 40% ^90Sr released by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant will be adsorbed by suspended sediment and 20% by seabed sediment, only about 40% ^90St will remain in the sea near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in South China Sea.     

基于遥感的海域环境变化监测分析

以杭州湾海域和连云港周边海域为研究对象,基于Landsat-5、Landsat-9的多光谱和热红外数据,对研究区的海域岸线和温度场信息进行提取,分析海域岸线变迁和温度分布变化特征。结果显示,研究区的海域岸线变化均较显著;海域温度在核电站运行前较为均匀,无明显温度分异,核电站运行后,因温排水排放,核电站周边海域温度出现明显分异;Landsat-9热红外数据温度反演结果可靠,可用于监测温排水对海域环境的影响。